On the Idealism of Being Anti-Jewish:
Exposing, opposing, and reviling Jewry is not at all “racist” – harboring and expressing anti-Jewish sentiment is, in actuality, extremely idealistic, healthy, positive, pro-life, pro-Earth, pro-humanity, and likely even pro-God(s)!
You all would agree here that it is natural and healthy to oppose all other forms of parasitic life and pestilential vermin such as lice, fleas, ticks, bedbugs, mosquitoes, mites, vampire bats, sewer rats that carry deadly diseases, and so on…so why not oppose Jewry since they are so obviously similar to those lowly creatures?
Also, if you happen to like or respect Jesus, but especially if you following his teachings and accept him as the Son of God and your personal Lord and Savior, you should follow his lead and advice in relation to Jewry…Jesus HATED Jewry with an incredibly intense and fanatical passion. (divinely inspired, perhaps?) Jesus’ anti-Semitic feelings were so strong and so deep that his anti-Jewish legacy and teachings of course still lives on today (nearly 2,000 years later) as the religion of Christianity. Jesus was, in fact, murdered by organized Jewry because he so vigorously opposed them and apparently represented an existential threat to the Jewish community – thus the Pharisees had Jesus tortured and then executed as punishment for his agitation against organized Jewry (Jesus and the money-changers, anyone? – the battle against Jewish domination of money/usury is still being waged today).
I’ve also always found it very interesting (as have many others) that the province of Judea was almost completely obliterated and then subjugated, the city of Jerusalem as well as the Jewish Temple contained therein there was totally toppled/burned/looted, and many Jews were killed and/or taken as slaves only a few short decades after Jesus was executed…like maybe this was this some kind of ‘payback’ or divine retribution against Jewry for killing Jesus? Some people believe that Jesus may have actually prophesied the coming destruction of the Temple and Jerusalem (see first half of Mark 13). I’m not a Judeo-Christian so I don’t believe in all of the spiritual wish-washiness associated with Jesus, but I still admire Jesus a whole lot because of his fervent anti-Jewish activism. Also note that very many of the greatest men (leaders, thinkers, etc) throughout White Western history have vigorously opposed Jewry – thus we have a clear precedent and many reasons for continuing the fight against Jewry. Because if Jewry wins, humanity as a whole loses (especially humans who are of the White race).
In opposing Jewry you are directly opposing the most rotten human force on Earth (the Jews themselves), and Jewish rot/decay is of course contagious because they seem to carry it with them wherever they go (witness the modern Jew-wrecked USA), not to mention: greediness/hoarding/materialism (didn’t you hear?…they just confiscated approximately 171 BILLION DOLLARS from that blood-engorged master-vampire Madoff), the ugly and unpleasant (the Jewish face; the Jewish voice; Jewish art/music/literature/cinema/TV; etc), the parasitic (Jews unable to live [much less thrive] apart from Whites; plutocratic Jewry economically rapes entire populations), the rootless/deracinated/urban/anonymous (Jewish history of wandering, nomadism, and rootless superficial urbanism), the anti-natural/anti-rural/pro-urban decay/pro-urban unsustainability (Jewish hatred of land/agriculture/nature; the Jewish penchant for dirty/cramped/ugly cities which are devoid of all contact with nature and very unsustainable/polluting), and the outworn/worm-eaten (Judaism and the Old Testament; Jewish manipulated money/usury; the Jewish corrupted mass-media [increasingly obsolete because of the internet]; etc)
In short, to oppose Jewry and its many sinister earthly manifestations is to reject and fight back against the disturbing and dangerous human incarnation of what can only be described as evil (and trust me, as a reasonable rationalist I do not at all use that word lightly or frequently).
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Jews, especially Ashkenazi Jews, are incredibly inferior in terms of building/maintaining civilization because they can only exist and thrive in the civilizations of others. And when they do manage to embed themselves too deeply in a country/civilization in terms of power/money/influence, that country/civilization starts to decline, decay, and rot from within because of too much Jewish influence and power. Ashkenazi Jews feed on the decay and rot that they themselves often cause and promote. Jews are like the ‘termites of nations’ that rot nations from the inside-out.
The average Ashkenazi Jew might be more verbally intelligent and literate than the average European-derived White person, but that doesn’t make them totally superior. There is much more to human beings than merely raw intelligence. If you completely and permanently separated Ashkenazi Jews away from other groups they would soon begin to sink in to semi-barbarism, wither away, and tear each other apart – again, Jews can only exist and thrive in the nations of non-Jews…thus they are nothing more than parasites who feed on the economic and cultural lifeblood of non-Jews.
Ashkenazi Jews are only able to outcompete non-Jews (especially Whites) in the competition for resources because they are an ‘invasive species’ that are able to super-thrive in cultures (especially White cultures) which have not evolved the necessary defenses to contain them. Jews do not compete fairly…they utilize Jewish ethnic networking as well as other collective ethnically Jewish strategies while discouraging other groups (especially Whites) from using those same strategies. if Whites ever tried to start using White-forms of ethnic networking, Jews would be leading the charge to ban such “racist” behavior, screaming “discrimination!” to the high-heavens. Jews could never thrive or succeed in other similarly collective cultures like those found in the Near East or Asia…this is because those collective Asian cultures can effectively contain Jews with similar counter-strategies. Jews only succeed in White cultures because Whites are so naturally individualistic, atomized, and non-collectivistic – thus very unorganized on a macro-racial level. White collectivism/White cooperationism (AKA White nationalism) as well as anti-Semitism are healthy, natural, and even instinctive reactions by Whites who seek to check the rampant and uncontrolled growth of the Jewish ‘invasive species.’
Moreover, Jews again prove their inferiority by their general lack of cultural profundity. Their ‘religion’ of Judaism is nothing more than a seriously racist/supremacist blood-cult, with many of the theistic details of their religion actually stolen from other groups. Jews are not at all noted for any kind of true high culture, and what culture they do rarely manage to create is so often just a pitiful rehashing of ideas stolen from other groups. Left to their own devices, all Jewish culture eventually sinks to the lowest and most base anti-cultural levels (have you seen American TV or watched a Hollywood movie lately? – the American mass-media is dominated by Jewry) All of the major Jewish accomplishments by Jews in the last few centuries were all made in White societies using the base knowledge of Whites, White languages, and in a wholly White milieu – it is very unlikely that Jews would’ve been able to accomplish those things if had not been living in stable/civilized White societies and building on the knowledge base that had already been created by Whites.
Jews are also inferior to Whites because White nations do not need Jews in order to continue to exist and thrive, while Jews desperately need Whites and White nations in order to keep existing and thriving.
Again, I guarantee that if you completely and permanently separated Jews away from all other groups (especially Whites) and forced them to try and build their own nation/culture/economy, they would fail miserably…as parasites, if forced to live amongst their own kind they would slowly ’starve’ from the lack of ‘blood’ that they need to exist.
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In addition to the undeniable socio-cultural inferiority of Jews, they are also physically inferior as well. Jews tend to be sickly and weak, and they very often have repulsively ugly faces and bodies. Even minimal physical attractiveness is extremely rare amongst Jews unless they have recently mixed with non-Jews, and even in those cases it is only the non-Jewish genes that make them halfway attractive.
The minds of many Jews are sick and ugly too, with all kinds of mental illness/insanity, hysteria, egoism, and so forth common amongst them. Jews generally have horrible manners – they are often pushy, arrogant, mean, devious, suspicious, pessimistic, needlessly domineering/aggressive, and soullessly materialistic/greedy. They always try to set themselves up as supreme managers/leaders but sorely lack all of the qualities necessary for good managers/leaders – no wonder that everything that comes under Jewish management/leadership eventually rots away because of widespread Jewish corruption and Jewish greed. Even their generally above-average intelligence (which even then is commonly of the superficial/journalistic/wordy kind) is not nearly enough to make up for all of the negative mental qualities which are so rampant among them.
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There were many poor Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe during the late 1700s-early 1900s.
The reason for this is that the Ashkenazi Jewish population there had a major population explosion starting in the mid-to-late 1700s or so that continued throughout the early 1900s – they went from about 2-3 million total in the mid-to-late 1700s to around 7-8-9 million total in the early 1900s (the space of around 150 years)! Thus they at least tripled or even quadrupled their population in a very short period of time…this clearly left many Ashkenazim struggling in an economic sense.
As stated, this major Ashkenazi population explosion over a short time-span left millions of Eastern European Ashkenazim very poor. There just weren’t enough jobs, markets, or money circulating in rural/undeveloped Eastern Europe to support than many new Jews…thus many truly were desperately poor and turned to radical Communist politics to vent their economic rage.
Amy Chua’s book WORLD ON FIRE references this scenario in the section of her book that (ironically) discusses the fact that 7 out of the 8 Russia’s oligarchic plutocrats after the fall of the USSR were ethnic Jews.
Also note that almost 50% of American Jews make 100,000 dollars a year or more…
However, Jews are not at all poor nowadays. There are still some working class Jews in the USA and elsewhere, but not that many…and some Jews might be of the ’self inflicted’ poor because of personal problems like mental illness/drug abuse/alcoholism, but again not too many of them either because Jews often have ’special places’ for those types of Jews.
A recent survey found that almost half of American Jews make 100,000 dollars a year or more: http://jta.org/news/article/2008/02/25/107183/Pewstudy02252008 – “Results of the U.S. Religious Landscape Survey of the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life released Monday showed 46 percent of Jews earning more than $100,000 a year. Only Hindus, at 43 percent, were above 30 percent.”
That’s incredible…almost half of American Jews pulling in 6 figures a year – that means almost 50% of individual Jews make almost DOUBLE the average earnings of a standard White American FAMILY of 4 or 5 (i.e., 2 incomes).
However, Jews very often gain their wealth unfairly or through criminal means. Jews accomplish this by intensively using ethnic-networking amongst themselves, and by blatantly promoting and/or hiring other Jews and completely bypassing all non-Jews for lucrative jobs. There are many American law firms, banks, medical clinics/hospitals, colleges/universities, media companies, and so forth that are owned and ran by very ethnocentric Jews that will ONLY hire other Jews. Affirmative action cases could easily brought against these hyperethnocentric Jews proving that they are using VERY discriminatory hiring practices against non-Jews by shutting them out and hiring only their fellow Jews (along with a few token Blacks and Asians for the needed “diversity,” of course). The laws must change so that Jews can henceforth be categorized as non-White/Semitic/Near Eastern in order to expose their vast over-representation in certain key sectors and industries in very many White nations.
I often wonder how Jews would feel if White (non-Jewish) Americans started using ethnic-networking as extensively as American Jews do? No doubt accusations of “racism,” “discrimination,” and “exclusivity” would be heard incessantly from them: certainly a case of ‘the pot calling the kettle black.’
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A very important thing to understand is that nearly everything Big Jewry latches on to eventually becomes horribly corrupt, worm-eaten, and rotten. Jews are always taking perfectly good ideas, businesses, political parties, etc and completely fucking them up. Jews are RUINERS and DESTROYERS, not CREATORS and MAINTAINERS. It is practically a rule of nature itself that everything Jews handle too much eventually turns to worthless stinking shit.
However, Jews do promote commerce and consumerism (‘money-changing’) wherever they go, and while some might consider that a good thing it is increasingly clear that too much commerce, too much ‘progress,’ too much industrialization, too much consumerism, and too much development are destroying the earth’s environment and as such must be sharply reigned in to more sustainable levels.
And after Big Jewry buys up as many valuable assets as they can for pennies on the dollar (this is of course after they’ve managed to [deliberately?] crash an economy via their corrupt financial machinations), they will then seek to ‘legalize’ their monopolization of the economy by installing a repressive and totalitarian Communist-esque regime wherein they are the main elite/managerial class, thus further cementing their permanent control over the economic life-blood of a nation. Once that happens nothing short of an anti-Jewish revolution or outright economic collapse will break the near-total Jewish monopolization of the macroeconomy. However, plutocratic Jewry can hardly be opposed at all in countries like the USA because they literally control all aspects of the printing of America’s money as well as the general macro-monetary policy (through their domination of the Federal Reserve).
Also, many don’t seem to realize how unfair or morally wrong it is that after Jews have completely screwed up a country/region/area they can just scurry away like fat little cockroaches and start the vicious Jewish cycle of destruction all over in another place; they consistently refuse to take their share of the responsibility for their destructive actions and constantly avoid the hard-work of helping to fix a country back up merely by immigrating away to a new place when times are tough.
Jews are always abandoning the places they have played a prime role in screwing up (e.g., in modern times Russia and the former USSR), leaving the often broken and dispirited native populace behind to pick up the shattered pieces of their Jew-wrecked society. The native populace of course hasn’t the luxury of constant gypsy-like immigration because they are completely (even instinctively) rooted in their nation, in their town, in their city, on their farm…they have a nationalistic love of their soil, something Jewry is of course entirely devoid of because they are superficial rootless cosmopolitans – Jews are like ’super gypsies.’
Many Jews also claim to be environmentalists, but the fact that they live in urban/suburban areas which are almost totally devoid of the natural environment, as well as their aversion to settled agriculture and being rooted in any particular natural environment for an extended period of time, shows that they are lying about this too…just look at the environmental degradation found in many countries of the former USSR, where Jews managed many industrial projects for decades. They played the major role in environmentally-wrecking huge swathes of the former USSR with their hyperindustrial obsessions, but no matter to them…they just immigrated to the USA or Brazil or elsewhere once everything started falling apart only to start the Jewish cycle-of-destruction all over again.
Normal/rooted groups love their nation, their native soil, their blood, their ancestors, their language, their culture…but Jews only seem to love money and decadent luxuries it can buy them. They are a menace to humankind and must be vigorously opposed wherever they are found.
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Forget all of the pointless verbiage.
Are you not a believer in Darwin, of survival of the fittest, of ‘might is right’ and the fact that a subspecies is always seeking to exterminate a competing subspecies in order to prevail over them in the competition for resources?
If you follow and believe in Darwin, it was natural and healthy for Germans to seek to eradicate Ashkenazi Jews so that they would triumph over them in the competition for resources in Europe.
In evolutionary terms, Jews can be seen as a kind of ‘invasive species’ in Europe (which they are not native to). As you know, ‘invasive species’ are those which enter or are unnaturally introduced in to an environment they are not native to and thus are able to ‘run rampant’ over virtually everything because there are no naturally evolved checks in the new environment to stop or prevent them from doing so. A good example of this is the kudzu plant in the Southern USA – it is a plant which is native to Asia and was (unfortunately) introduced in the Southern USA a while back and has now colonized large portions of the Southern landscape; it grows uncontrollably there and as such chokes out/kills many of the native plant species which have not yet had time to evolve any adequate natural defenses against it. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu#Ecological_invasion
White Europeans evolved without Jews around, and thus when Jews eventually went to (invaded/colonized) Europe the native White Europeans did not have any natural evolutionary defenses against this ‘invasive species’ – as a result Jews were able to run roughshod over White Europeans (i.e., a native subspecies being ‘choked’ by an invasive one) and became disproportionately intelligent (and thus wealthy/influential). Ashkenazi Jews actually evolved above-average intelligence/cunning while in Europe to try and outwit the native White Europeans in the competition for resources – Jews evolved intelligence to try and succeed in the alien European environment, while Europeans evolved so-called “anti-Semitism” as a reaction against the Jewish ‘invasive species.’
As is now evident, when Jews are born and raised in their own native country (Israel) their intelligence levels begin to returns to more normalized levels over a couple generations. Just notice that Jews are not at all as successful in the Near East as they have been in Europe or the USA; this is of course because they are native to the Near East (i.e., they are not an ‘invasive species’ there) and thus are evolutionarily ‘kept in check’ by their fellow Near Eastern Semites who are evolutionarily prepared to deal with them.
In addition to the colonization and ‘invasive species’ analogy explained above, Jewry also has characteristics associated with certain animal and insect parasites, especially those species that inject their host(s) with a kind of narcotic venom which fully or partially paralyzes them and renders them physically as well as mentally unable to fight back against the colonizing bloodsucker.
The Jewish venom I speak of which has currently paralyzed the USA is course the imposition of Jewish ideas like multiracialism/multiculturalism (mass-immigration), radical egalitarianism, judeofeminism, judeocommunism, plutocratic judeocapitalism, rampant homosexualism as pushed by the Jewish mass-media, judeoatheism, neo-serfdom encoouraged by jewry, abolishing the nuclear family, and so on. Other nations which were once colonized by Jewry experienced similar problems, though the specifics and severity of course varied according to the exact time period.
In a similar vein, Jewry might also be compared to a contagious infection or plague which so weakens the immune system of an infected organism (nation) that it eventually causes the death of said organism (nation) through various ‘diseases’ (the ‘diseases’ outlined in the preceding paragraph include judeomultiracialism, judeocommunism, judeofeminism, judeohomosexualism, etc).
The parasitic Jewish colonizers have clearly managed to ‘paralyze’ or ‘narcotize’ their current main host (the USA) against fighting back by taking over the mass-media, academia, the legal arena, banking/finance, and other critical sectors. This has in effect rendered the USA completely unable to fight back against the Jewish colonizers and as such the USA has contracted a horrible case of ‘Jewish cancer’ and its eventual death is near certain unless this ‘Jewish tumor’ is eventually sliced out of the body (i.e., Jewish expulsion).
Finally, ‘operating’ against the invasive ‘Jewish cancer’ has been common throughout history, with Jews of course being persecuted and/or expelled en masse many dozens (if not hundreds) of times from various countries, cities/towns, regions, etc. This is obviously a very healthy, natural, and instinctive reaction which seeks to preserve life; the unnatural, unhealthy, uninstinctive, and suicidal thing to do would be to let the cancer continue to ravage and eventually kill you.
Expulsion of Jews (i.e., excision of the cancerous Jewish tumor) is not all “inhumane” or “barbaric” any more than treating cancer is, so please let us put away such biased and unscientific terms…if you had a tumor that was slowly killing you, wouldn’t you want it sliced out of your body so that you may continue to live?
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Who invented atomic weapons, those incomparably destructive weapons which could be used to wipe out virtually the entire urban population of the whole world in only a few minutes? Answer: JEWS INVENTED ATOMIC WEAPONS.
The Jewish invention of atomic weapons reveals the hatred of Earth and humanity (along with ALL life) which is inherent/inborn within the Jewish mind, heart, and soul…only the Jews could have invented such terribly destructive weapons which now have the potential to wipe out all human life on Earth.
So next time the Jews are bragging about how much they’ve ‘contributed’ to human civilization, just remind them that they invented atomic weapons (which have the potential to completely destroy human civilization) and that ought to shut them up.
In my opinion, the Jewish invention of atomic weaponry entirely negates ALL of the other positive contributions they’ve ever made to human civilization.
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Jews as a hostile and problematic non-White/non-European ethnic minority should definitely be excluded from the upper-tiers and leadership positions within the racialist/race realist, White nationalist/European nationalist, and pro-White/pro-European movement…it would be utterly absurd if non-Whites/non-Europeans like Jews hijacked the pro-White movement and became the main pro-White ideologues, thinkers, managers, or leaders. How are Jews able to become major or main pro-White thinkers or ideologues if they are genetically, culturally, and religiously non-White? How are Jews supposed to permanently preserve/protect/defend Whites and wax philosophical about the virtues of Whiteness if they themselves are not White?
However, if Jews like Gottfried, Auster, Epstein, Levin, Hart and the others as described above @ #55 by Yosemite want to write articles and books or have websites which are sympathetic to the pro-White cause then they are of course free to do so…just don’t let them infiltrate the upper-echelons and gain too much power and control – because once Jews manage to infiltrate, hijack, and come to dominate a movement or a cause or a political party or a business or whatever they inevitably soil it, corrupt it, ruin it.
History shows us that Jews as a group tend toward corruption, greed, incompetence, conspiracy, non-idealism, rootlessness, superficial urbanity, and other ills…they also make terribly uninspiring leaders (when did the last truly great Jewish leader exist…back in Biblical times?) and greedy, short-sighted managers (for them it’s always all about “The bottom line,” i.e. PROFIT).
As I wrote above Jews are not culture creators but are cultural subversives – they are not culturally advanced enough to have a rooted culture or true nation of their own so they have to leech off of others; Jews have to adopt the language, economic/political ideas, and general culture and customs of non-Jewish groups and nations because they are cultural inferiors. Thus Whites should not let these rootless cultural inferiors gain too much power or influence in their countries – that is just common sense. Would you let the Roma people (gypsies) run your banks or your political system? Of course not…so why the Jews? They are nothing more than ’super-gypsies.’ In their most virulent form they are culture destroyers…meaning Jewish infiltration and domination of a non-Jewish group or nation eventually leads to the ruin of that nation or people (history offers many examples). Jews also steal ideas and movements and inventions from Whites and then hijack and twist them all up with their incompetent managerialism and non-idealism, thus ruining them for everyone involved.
There are many movements, political parties, and political ideas which have been ruined because Jews got their claws too deep in to them…a movement or idea like European socialism eventually morphed in to Marxism/Judeo-Communism/Jewish Bolshevism once the Jews managed to steal and ultimately pervert the original Euro-socialist ideas.
There really is no denying that history demonstrates that Jews are major RUINERS…ruiners of ideas, ruiners of movements, ruiners of peoples and nations.
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On Jewish Internationalism/Globalism:
Good analysis, but a bit off I think. I would say that: Judaism = stealth Jewish ultra-internationalism/transnationalism/hyperglobalism combined with cosmopolitanism, not Jewish ultra-nationalism. Being of Near Eastern/Semitic/Asiatic genetic and cultural background Jews are naturally collectivistic/tribalistic, but they are not and cannot be nationalists because true nationalism is of the “blood and soil” variety, and while Jews worldwide share some common blood ties the mass of them do not share a common soil (nation) and have not for very many centuries. The supposed ‘Jewish state’ of Israel is a very recent, unstable, and still very incomplete development, not to mention the fact that the majority of world Jewry does not live there, has never lived there, and will never live there – Israel is basically a large Mediterranean welfare resort kept afloat by untold of billions of dollars pilfered from the USA, Germany, the UK, Russia, and other countries, not to mention the many billions more in ‘donations’ which diaspora Jewry collectively sends to Israel every year from perhaps dozens of other countries around the world.
Jews have evolved to become wandering, stateless, international parasites and it is highly unlikely that they will ever succeed in forming a true nation state containing all or nearly all of world Jewry. After examining the evidence it seems clear that Jews cannot exist without a host group or nation (or preferably host groupS and nationS) to economically latch on to and drain its economic lifeblood. Thus the general inferiority of Jewry is again revealed, a complete and utter failure of a group which is in fact so pathetic and dependent on other groups that it cannot even maintain a true Jewish nation-state. Jews are complete and abject losers and incompetents when it comes to political statecraft and are a basically a permanent diaspora, which is the sure sign of a failed and inferior group. Even some important Zionists fully admit the shocking extent of Jewish dependency, incompetency, and failure when it comes to statecraft. (read various quotes here)
Taken as a whole Jews are stateless internationalists, transnationalists, and globalists – they have imposed ‘permanent homelessness’ upon themselves and are ‘super gypsies’ if you will (hence the phrase ‘international Jewry’ and the murmurings about a ‘global Jewish conspiracy’ and so on). While there may not be a clear, planned, and definite ‘global Jewish conspiracy’ per se, their internationalism/transnationalism gives them a clear advantage (which many deem conspiratorial) over other more rooted and relatively fixed groups and peoples who inhabit the world because they so often remain connected and in touch in spite of political, geographic, and national borders because they are bound together by their common ethnic identity wherever they reside worldwide – Jews can literally connect, conspire, or do business with other Jews anywhere in the world under the pretext of the ‘religion’ of Judaism simply by walking in to a synagogue wherever an active one stands on Earth. Also notice how Yiddish used to function as an international/borderless Jewish language until just a few decades ago, facilitating worldwide Jewish cooperation, communication, and commerce when needed – Yiddish had the added bonus in that it was unable to be understood at all by non-Jews, especially in its very important written-form which was used for long-distance postal communication, Jewish-only commerce, and to keep certain Jewish writings hidden from non-Jewish eyes. The Hebrew language likely plays this same role today for the worldwide Jewish community with its home-base in that viper’s den known as Israel.
Yes, as you say it is easy to be politically clever when you have no moral boundaries – but also understand that, again, Jews have no true political, national, or geographic boundaries like the vast majority of the various rooted peoples and groups of the world. This rootlessness internationalism, combined with their general cosmopolitanism, clearly gives them a majorly unfair, immoral, and yes even conspiratorial advantage over the vast majority of other racial/ethnic groups and even whole nations in terms of international economics/finance/trade and foreign affairs in general.
Normal and healthy groups form attachment to their native land, their soil, their home (these are now referred to as nation-states) – Jews feel no attachment to any particular land, soil, home, or nation-state and as a result are not normal but are in fact highly abnormal, pathological, and dysfunctional as a result.
